↑ McGee S (2018). Evidence-based physical diagnosis. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN978-0-323-39276-1. OCLC959371826. The term hypovolemia refers collectively to two distinct disorders: (1) volume depletion, which describes the loss of sodium from the extracellular space (i.e., intravascular and interstitial fluid) that occurs during gastrointestinal hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis; and (2) dehydration, which refers to the loss of intracellular water (and total body water) that ultimately causes cellular desiccation and elevates the plasma sodium concentration and osmolality.
1 2 Jameson, J. Larry; Kasper, Dennis L.; Longo, Dan L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Loscalzo, Joseph biên tập (ngày 13 tháng 8 năm 2018). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (ấn bản 20). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN9781259644030. OCLC1029074059.
